Classes & OOP In JavaScript, we use syntax (introduced in ES6) but it’s mostly syntactic sugar over prototypes. In Python, classes are more deeply integrated and provide a clean OOP model with built-in support for inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism. Let’s explore how Python’s classes compare with JS and how to use them effectively. Defining a Class Usage: JS equivalent: Instance vs Class Variables Inheritance Encapsulation (Public, Protected, Private) Python uses naming conventions instead of hard access modifiers: → public → protected (internal use, but not enforced) → private (name mangled, harder to access) Properties (Getters/Setters) Instead of writing / , use . Static & Class Methods : method bound to class (no ). : receives , useful for alternative constructors . Dunder Methods (Magic Methods) Python classes can override special methods for custom behavior. Abstract Classes & Interfaces Use module to enforce method definitions. Example – Inventory with Classes ✅ Why it matters : Python OOP feels familiar if you know JS classes. , , , and dunder methods give you more expressiveness than JS. Use classes when modeling real-world entities (products, users, orders) or organizing related logic.